• ا (alif), و (waw), and ي (ya) are used to support ء (hamzah); when so used these letters are not represented in romanization.

• The letter و (waw) is used: (a) to represent the consonant romanized as w; (b) to represent the vowels and diphthong romanized as u, o, and au; and (c) to support ء (hamzah).

• The letter ي (ya) is used: (a) to represent the consonant romanized as y; (b) to represent the vowels and diphthong romanized as i, e, and ai; and (c) to support ء (hamzah).

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     ء (hamzah)

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• In Arabic words, and most Arabic loans where it is found, hamzah is romanized according to the rules for Arabic.

• Hamzah used to separate contiguous vowels, supported by ا ,or و or , is not ي represented in romanization.

• The occasional use of hamzah to represent a word-final glottal stop as a romanised K.