a small diagonal line placed above a letter, and represents a short /a/ (like the /a/ sound in English word "cat")
Placed below a letter. it represents a long /i/ (as in the English word "steed")
a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "put")
Used above a letter to represent /er/. (as in the Malay word with the letter E in it.)
Used above a letter to represent /ny/. specifivally used for /nya/ in Jawi alphabet
Rules of Application
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Diacritical marks are placed either above or below a letter to indicate particular pronunciation.
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Only the marks shown above should be applied on Jawi.
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Diacritical marks are important to pronouncing words.
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To avoid any similarities to the Arabic language, at least 2 diacritics should be applied in a word.
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The letters ا (alif), و (waw), and ي (ya) are used as diphthong.